As universities work to lower their carbon footprint, transportation offers a big opportunity for improvement. Universities can, for example, switch to greener options such as electric vehicles (EVs) or optimise battery performance. However, the effectiveness of these solutions, and efforts to encourage sustainable habits, depends on how they’re operated and the technology used.
From a pilot study at Aditya University, which focused on a 10-seater EV with lead-acid batteries, I share practical tips to help universities make their transportation systems more efficient and eco-friendly.
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1. Improve electric vehicle performance with lead-acid batteries
EVs can be a key part of greener campus transportation, but their benefits can drop if the fleet is not properly managed. In our 12-day pilot study, we tested a 10-seater EV with a three-year-old lead-acid battery. Lead-acid batteries are common in some regions and specific applications due to their lower upfront costs, but they have less energy and shorter lifespans compared with newer technologies such as lithium-ion batteries.
For campuses using lead-acid batteries, here are three important ways to boost sustainability.
Monitor battery performance
We tracked key data points – such as distance, battery usage and energy output – daily. Regular monitoring helps find issues early, regardless of vehicle size. Universities should check battery performance every day after vehicle use to keep them running smoothly and avoid future failure. The approach of monitoring battery performance is applicable to a wide range of EVs, including smaller vehicles such as cars. This practice ensures smoother operation and reduces the likelihood of unexpected battery failure, making it an effective measure for both larger and smaller EVs.
Adjust driving and load management
We found that driving habits affected how quickly the battery discharges. Universities should encourage consistent driving speeds and reduce idling time (during running) to mitigate rapid battery depletion. Also, optimising the load carried by the vehicle can extend battery life while keeping performance steady.
Improve charging methods
Our study showed the need to match charging cycles with EV use. A nine-hour charge at 20 amps and 48 volts worked best for our battery. Universities should make sure charging suits their daily demand to avoid overcharging or undercharging. Overcharging a lead-acid battery can increase heat generation, which may damage the battery and reduce its lifespan. It can also result in electrolyte loss through evaporation, leading to a condition known as sulphation, where lead sulphate crystals form and can hinder the battery’s performance. Undercharging, on the other hand, can cause the battery to become sulphated, reducing its capacity and efficiency over time.
2. Exploring advanced battery solutions to future-proof EV fleets
While lead-acid batteries are common due to lower costs, our study highlighted their limitations, such as lower energy density and faster depletion under heavier loads. To future-proof campus EV fleets, universities should explore sustainable alternatives like lithium-ion batteries. These are generally more expensive upfront compared with lead-acid batteries. However, their higher energy density, longer lifespan and reduced maintenance costs can make them more cost-effective over time.
- Collaborate for advanced materials: Universities can partner with research institutions to explore advanced materials for improving lead-acid batteries. Integrating new materials could enhance energy density and extend battery life, increasing sustainability.
- Transition to lithium-ion or other alternatives: While costlier initially, lithium-ion batteries offer longer lifespans and greater energy efficiency. Campuses should consider a gradual transition to these or other advanced battery technologies (such as solid-state batteries, which offer improved safety and energy density, or sodium-ion batteries) to achieve long-term sustainability.
3. Broader implications for greener campus solutions
Sustainability on campuses goes beyond transportation. The same principles of optimisation and efficiency can be applied to energy management, waste reduction and renewable energy integration in other areas such as student housing.
- Develop integrated green infrastructure: Installing EV charging stations powered by renewable energy, such as solar panels, can further support campus sustainability. Integrating renewable energy for transport and accommodation will significantly reduce the campus’ environmental impact.
- Encourage campus-wide behavioural change: Promoting sustainable transport options, such as using campus-provided EVs, carpooling or cycling, can reduce emissions. Encouraging energy-efficient practices in accommodation can also foster a responsible campus culture.
Universities can play a vital role in global sustainability efforts by optimising campus transport systems. Our study on lead-acid battery performance in EVs provides a solid foundation for improving green transport solutions. While it was centred within the department of mining engineering, it offers interdisciplinary relevance, especially in fields such as energy optimisation and sustainable transportation.
Abhishek Kumar Tripathi is an assistant professor in the department of mining engineering at Aditya University, Surampalem, India.
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